PRINTEMPS DES MIGRATIONS

Ciné-débat au Variétés - Lettre à Nikola d’Hara Kaminara En compagnie de la sociologue Swanie Potot (UniCA) et S.O.S Méditerranée.

Le Printemps des migrations se retrouve, une seconde fois, au cinéma VARIÉTÉS pour la projection du long-métrage “Lettre à Nikola” réalisé par Hara KAMINARA. Hara KAMINARA est une artiste, plasticienne, photographe et cinéaste gréco-belge. Produit en 2021, Lettre à Nikola marque son début dans le cinéma, puisque c’est son premier long-métrage (50min). Ce ciné-débat est animé par Swanie Potot, sociologue à Université Côte d’Azur, Laurent Guillem et deux autres bénévoles de S.O.S Méditerranée.  SOS MÉDITERRANÉE est une organisation humanitaire indépendante, qui intervient en mer pour porter secours à toute personne en détresse, sans distinction de nationalité, d’origine ou de croyance. Son action vise à sauver des vies en danger lors de traversées périlleuses en Méditerranée, en respectant les droits humains fondamentaux et le droit maritime. S.O.S Méditerranée recense bientôt 40 000 personnes sauvées.
Lettre à Nikola, se passe à bord de l’Aquarius, un des navires affrétés par SOS méditerranée utilisé comme navire de sauvetage entre février 2015 et décembre 2018. À la suite d’un conflit politico-judiciaire, S.O.S Méditerranée est contraint de restituer le bateau à son armateur. Au total, le navire et son équipage ont effectué 243 opérations de sauvetage permettant de sauver la vie de 29 523 personnes. Hara, photographe, rencontre Max, chef de l’équipe effectuant les sauvetages en mer. Après plusieurs voyages ensemble, l’interdiction de naviguer imposée au bateau les contraint à rester à terre à cause de la criminalisation de la solidarité de la part des gouvernements européens.
La crise de la COVID-19 a donnée des prétextes pour rendre les sauvetages et les débarquements dans des ports sûrs européens encore plus compliquées. La COVID-19 n’a pas affecté le nombre de départs par bateaux, c’est le nombre de morts qui a augmenté considérablement.
Après le blocage de l’Aquarius, Hara décide alors de réaliser un film, une lettre à l’enfant qu’elle attend. À travers cette lettre, se mêlent les souvenirs personnels de Hara, sa rencontre avec Max et les récits poignants des migrants à bord, évoquant leurs voyages et les pertes qu’ils ont subies. Le film se termine en 2019, à ce moment-là, les ONG sont de plus en plus mises hors la loi.

Hara Kaminara nous transporte dans un monde poétique qu’elle construit pour essayer de raconter et d’expliquer à son nouveau-né, la dure réalité des traversées des personnes migrantes en Méditerranée. À la suite du visionnage de ce long-métrage, le débat prend place.

Laurent Guillem nous explique le fonctionnement des missions de sauvetage : “En mer, il y a trois équipes : les marins, les équipes de S.O.S Méditerranée et les médecins. Lors d’un des derniers sauvetages, 55 personnes ont été sauvées. C’est important de rappeler que le droit international, oblige à n’importe quelle personne sur la mer et n’importe quel bateau, de porter assistance à qui est en danger. Les conditions de vie sur les bateaux sont difficiles. Certaines personnes sont blessées, asphyxiées ou bien en hypothermie, il reste donc des séquelles à soigner même après le sauvetage. Sur les navires utilisés pour la traversée, les passeurs entassent les personnes qui se retrouvent à 8 ou 10 par m2. En moyenne, il y a 25 % de mineurs, dont plus de 70 % qui ne sont pas accompagnés. Le pourcentage de femme s’élève à 25 %, dont 10 % de femmes enceintes. Durant ces missions, on recense jusqu’à 44 nationalités différentes.”
Une journée en mer coûte, à cette ONG, environ 24 000 euros. Afin de les aider une cagnotte est disponible sur ce lien : [DON]

Il confie : “À SOS Méditerranée, une des missions est de diffuser les témoignages des traversées afin que les personnes décédées en Méditerranée ne subissent pas une double mort : une fois en mer, et une deuxième fois dans nos mémoires.”

Swanie Potot revient également sur la médiatisation de ce qu’il se passe en Méditerranée par les ONGs. Pour elle la véritable question, est : pourquoi et donc comment fait-on ça ? : “Derrière la plupart des réseaux militants, il y a l’idée que si les gens savaient ce qu’il se passe aux frontières, alors ils changeraient d’avis et la situation pourrait enfin évoluer. Évidemment, cela dépend avant tout des politiques migratoires, la situation de danger dans laquelle se retrouvent les personnes traversant les frontières européennes et la responsabilité même des politiques sécuritaires construisant la « forteresse Europe ». Les passages de frontières sont devenus extrêmement longs et dangereux que ce soit à travers la Méditerranée ou dernièrement, à la frontière entre la Biélorussie et la Pologne où des personnes traversent des forêts marécageuses dans des conditions horribles. La Pologne a construit un mur surveillé par des gardes-frontières qui tirent sur le gens pour les empêcher de passer. Et cette violence envers des personnes en migration est présente est partout, autour de l’Europe. Les militants, pris dans cette situation, ont l’idée qu’ils peuvent gagner la bataille de l’opinion publique en diffusant l’information pour contrer le mouvement xénophobe enclenché en Europe depuis une trentaine d’années, et qui est de plus en plus fort.”
Il y a également un travail de réflexion attentive sur l’image que les associations et les militants vont effectuer, en se demandant quelles images montrer et comment.

“Qu’est-ce qu’on montre et quel discours on raconte pour essayer de capter l’attention ? Cette opinion publique, comment peut-on la persuader qu’il faut changer de politique ?”

C’est un choix très difficile à faire, car la réalité des parcours migratoires est tellement dure, qu’elle est facilement rejetable par le grand publique.
Swanie : « Il y a toute une réflexion : comment faire passer un message ? Comment essayer de toucher des personnes qui ne sont pas déjà convaincues qu’il faudrait changer les choses ? Le choix fait par Hara Kaminara, c’est le choix de la poésie. En mêlant des images extrêmement dures à des images très douces, en choisissant l’approche de la poésie. Cette question du “beau”, est aussi quelque chose que nous avions retrouvé pendant un entretien avec un militant qui secourt des personnes dans la forêt entre la Pologne et la Biélorussie. Il nous racontait les conditions affreuses dans lesquelles les gens traversaient cette frontière. Il confie qu’un matin, ils ont eu l’information que la personne qu’ils étaient en train d’essayer de retrouver dans la forêt était morte. Il nous a dit : “c’était le petit matin, il a commencé à neiger, on s’est assis par terre pour que les militaires ne nous voient pas. On attendait là dans le silence de savoir ce qu’on allait faire par la suite. Je me rappelle que dans ce moment de tristesse, j’ai pensé que cette forêt était la dernière forêt primaire d’Europe et que j’avais la chance de vivre un moment très beau. Je me suis senti à ma place.” 

Est-ce que donc valoriser avec des belles images une réalité terrible a un sens ?

“Ce film, c’est sur le beau, l’esthétisme et je trouve que c’est quelque chose d’important à faire passer aussi, les gens qui ont cet engagement ont besoin de voir le beau dans ce qu’ils font. Ce sont aussi des gens qui y mettent un sens et qui, quelque part, sont satisfaits parce qu’ils se sentent à leur place : ils agissent, c’est une façon de regagner de la puissance, du pouvoir d’agir. Quand on est devant nos écrans, quand on va voter, on a l’impression que ce qu’on fait, ça ne sert à rien. Quand on sort quelqu’un d’une situation terrible, on a l’impression de faire quelque chose, d‘agir. Je trouve que cette volonté d’agir est très intéressante, c’est une façon de faire de la politique au niveau individuel.”

C’est sur ces dernières paroles que le public et les intervenants se sont quittés. La deuxième session de ciné-débat au cinéma, Variété, ferme ses rideaux.

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